Թեմա - Grammatical Changes in Modern English
Տեսակ - Կուրսային, անհատական և ստուգողական աշխատանքներ
Գին - 8400 դրամ
Առարկա - Անգլերեն լեզվով
Էջեր - 28
Chapter 1. Language changes
1.1. Types of Language Change
Phonetic Changes
1.2. Reasons for Language Changes
1.3. Factors Influencing Modern Languages
Chapter 2. Grammatical changes in Modern English
2.1. Changes in the System of Modal Verbs
Will, Be going to and Shall
Conclusion
2. Barlow, M. and S. Kemmer S. (eds) (2000), Usage-based models of language. Stanford: CLSI.
3. Biber, D., Conrad S. & Leech G. 2002. Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.
4. Biber, D., Jansson S., Leech G, Conrad S. & Finegan E. 1999. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. London: Longman.
5. Collins, P. 2009. Modals and quasi-modals in world Englishes. World Englishes, 28(3), pp. 281-292.
6. Chomsky, N. (1964), ‘Current issues in linguistic theory’, in: J.A. Fodor and J.J.Katz, The structure of language. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 50-118.
7. Crystal David, A Little Book of Language, Yale University Press. 2010
8. Crowley, Terry; Bowern, Claire (2010). An Introduction to Historical Linguistics. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 200–201
9. Croft, W. (2000), Explaining language change: an evolutionary approach. London: Longman.
There are many different routes to language change. Changes can originate in language learning, or through language contact, social differentiation, and natural processes in usage. Language is transformed as it is transmitted from one generation to the next. Each individual must re-create a grammar and lexicon based on input received from parents, older siblings and other members of the speech community. The experience of each individual is different, and the process of linguistic replication is imperfect, so that the result is variable across individuals. However, a bias in the learning process, for instance, towards regularization, will cause systematic drift, generation by generation. In addition, random differences may spread and become ՚fixed՚, especially in small populations. Migration, conquest and trade bring speakers of one language into contact with speakers of another language. Some individuals will become fully bilingual as children, while others learn a second language more or less well as adults. In such contact situations, languages often borrow words, sounds, constructions and so on.