Թեմա - Word Stress in English
Տեսակ - Կուրսային, անհատական և ստուգողական աշխատանքներ
Գին - 5400 դրամ
Առարկա - Անգլերեն լեզվով
Էջեր - 18
Chapter 1. General Notion of Word Stress
1.1. Origin of Word Stress. Word Stress Manifestation
1.2. Functions of Word Stress
1.3. Identificatory function
Chapter 2. Types and Degrees of English Word Stress
2.1 Types of English Word Stress
2.2. Degrees and Position of Word Stress
Conclusion
2. Aitchison, Jean Language change: progress or decay?, - Edinburg: Cambridge university press. - 2004.
3. Beigi, Homayoon Fundamentals of speaker recognition New York, 2011.
4. Brinton, Laurel J. The linguistic structure of modern English / Laurel J. Brinton, Donna M. Brinton. - Philadelphia, 2010.
5. Britannica Encyclopedia volume 1, - London, 1773.
6. Brown G. Principles of Language Learning and Teaching / G. Brown. - San Francisco: S. Fr. State University, 1987.
7. Burlak T. F. Stylistics: lexical, syntactical and text levels / T. F. Burlak, A. P. Devkin, L. S. Krokhakeva. - Minsk, 1996.
8. Crystal, David A dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 6th edition, - London, 2008.
9. Crystal, David The Cambridge encyclopedia of the English language, - London: BCA, - 1996.
The spoken language has a unique division into segments like vowels and consonants. As we utter them, we make use of wide range of tones of voice. The speech features that are higher than the sound segments are length, stress, pitch, intonation, rhythm and juncture. Here we are describing the nature of word stress.
The sequence of syllables in the word is not pronounced identically. The syllable or syllables which are uttered with more prominence than the other syllables of the word are said to be stressed or accented. Stress in the isolated word is termed word stress; stress in connected speech is termed sentence stress.
Many English and Russian linguists worked over the question of word stress in English as the unique phenomenon. According to D. Crystal the terms "… heaviness, sound pressure, force, power, strength, intensity, amplitude, prominence, emphasis, accent, stress" tend to be used synonymously by most writers. (D. Crystal, 2008)
According to G.P. Torsuev the notions "stressed" and "prominent" should not be used as the synonyms. The effect of prominence, states the linguist, is made by some phonetic features of sounds, which have nothing to do with the actual word or sentence stress.
B.A. Bogoroditsky, for instance, defined stress as an increase of energy, accompanied by an increase of expiratory and articulatory activity. D. Jones defined word stress as the degree of force, which is accompanied by a strong force of exhalation and gives an impression of loudness. H. Sweet also stated that stress, is connected with the force of breath.
According to A.C. Gimson, any or all of four factors achieve the effect of prominence: force, tone, length and vowel color.
For native English listeners, the most important syllable in a word is the stressed syllable, the primary cue for identifying the word. This makes stress the most important pronunciation topic. In addition, the characteristics of stressed and unstressed syllables in single words are mirrored in rhythm. Word stress is described as a communicatively important pronunciation topic, bridging the continuum between segmentals (consonants and vowels) and suprasegmentals (rhythm and intonation)" (Lane: 2009, 17).