Թեմա - Past tense in English
Տեսակ - Կուրսային, անհատական և ստուգողական աշխատանքներ
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Առարկա - Անգլերեն լեզվով
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The Past Indefinite
The Past Continuous
Perfect Tenses
Views on Perfect Forms
The Past Perfect
The Past Perfect Continuous
Conclusion
2. M.Y. Blokh “A Course in Theoretical English Grammar”, Москва, 1983
3. Meyer, Paul Georg (2005). Synchronic English Linguistics: An Introduction (3 ed.). Gunter Narr Verlag.
4. Thomas, Payne Edward. Describing morphosyntax: a guide for field linguists. Cambridge University Press. 1997.
5. А. И. Смирницкий, “Перфект и категория временной отнесённости”. Иностранные языки в школе, 1955
6. А. Смирницкий “Морфология английского языка”, Москва, 1959
7. Г. Н. Воронцова, Очерки по грамматике английского языка, 1960
8. И. II. Иванова, “Вид и время в современном английском языке”
9. И.П. Крылова, Е.М. Гордон, “Грамматика современного английского языка”, Москва 2003.
In grammar tense is a category that expresses time reference. Basic tenses found in many languages the past, present and future. Some languages have only two distinct tenses, such as past and non-past, or future and non-future. There are also tenseless languages, like Chinese, which do not have tense at all. On the other hand, some languages make finer tense distinctions, such as remote vs. recent past, or near vs. remote future.
Tenses generally express time relative to the moment of speaking. In some contexts, however, their meaning may be relativised to a point in the past or future which is established in the discourse (the moment being spoken about). This is called relative tense. Some languages have different verb forms or constructions which manifest relative tense, such as pluperfect ("past-in-the-past") and "future-in-the-past". Expressions of tense are often closely connected with expressions of the category of aspect; sometimes what are traditionally called tenses (in languages such as Latin) may in modern analysis be regarded as combinations of tense with aspect. Verbs are also often conjugated for mood, and since in many cases the three categories are not manifested separately, some languages may be described in terms of a combined tense–aspect–mood.
English has only three morphological tenses: the present, as in he goes, the past, as in he went and the future, as in he will go. The present tense sometimes references the future (as in the bus leaves tomorrow), and thus may also be called the non-past (or present–future) tense. It also sometimes references the past, which is called the historical present or dramatic present. In using the present instead of the past the speaker or writer represents what happened in the past as if it were present before his eyes.
Constructions with the modal auxiliary verbs will and shall frequently reference the future these are often described as the English Future tense. Forms with the auxiliaries would and (rarely) should are described as a relative tense, the future-in-the-past.